What are the extra-renal manifestations of lupus nephritis?

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a common disease can occur at any age and sex, is common in young women, the most common 20 to 30 years. Extrarenal manifestations are:
(1) General symptoms: Most patients showed generalized weakness, weight loss, 90% of patients have fever, heat-type variable, 40% more than 39 ℃.
(2) skin and mucous membranes: 50% of patients, there may be facial butterfly erythema, lesions confined to the two cheeks and the nose bridge, was mild edema and erythema, telangiectasia and scaly blisters, severe exudative inflammation and crusts, erythema subsided in general does not leave scars and pigmentation. The hair loss seen in 50% of patients, is a sensitive indicator of lupus activity. Livedo reticularis is common, is a typical characteristic of vasculitis. Many symptoms of the nervous system. In addition, also visible urticaria, Discoid erythema, A Zhou erythema, purpura, crack haemorrhage, oral and nasal ulcers.
(3) joint and muscle: 90% of patients with joint pain, common in the limbs, joints, about 10% of patients may have mild joint deformity, but generally no bone erosion signs.Long-term, large, irregular use of hormones, can lead to some patients with aseptic necrosis of femoral head.  1/3  of patients with muscle pain, and some even appear obvious symptoms of muscle weakness or muscle atrophy.
(4) cardiovascular: up to 2/3 of patients with active lupus erythematosus pericarditis cases, usually short and mild clinical manifestations. 10% of patients with myocarditis.Mitral and aortic valve may also be involved, generally at the apex and the heart at the bottom of smell and systolic murmur, which may also be related to anemia, tachycardia, or fever, diastolic murmur rare. There is also the Raynaud's phenomenon (25%), pulmonary hypertension and recurrent thrombophlebitis, which can be lupus erythematosus in the first symptom.
(5), lung and pleura: 40% ~ 46% of patients can occur in pleurisy, it is a reliable indicator of lupus erythematosus forthcoming involving the kidneys. Acute lupus pneumonitis and rare, difficulty breathing, chest pain and cough, and severe cases, massive hemoptysis, and some patients present with recurrent pulmonary atelectasis, a few may develop as diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.
(6) the blood system: 50% ~ 75% of the patients showed positive pigment cell anemia; 60% of patients with white blood cells <4.5 × 109 / L; platelet is generally slightly lower, a small number of <30 × 109 / L (approximately 50% ).
(7) of the gastrointestinal tract: some patients have nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain is common (approximately 50%) may be associated with peritonitis and abdominal viscera. Liver, splenomegaly were found in 30% and 20% of patients.
(8) of the nervous system: the incidence of symptoms and signs of about 50% to 60%, complex and diverse clinical manifestations, and manifests itself as mental disorders such as depression, mental confusion. Or epilepsy, migraine, paralysis, chorea, peripheral neuropathy and retinopathy.
(9) Other: menstrual irregularity, premenstrual symptoms increased, especially migraine. Some patients may occur painless lymph nodes, parotid gland swelling, conjunctivitis.